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Impact of depression on HIV outcomes in the HAART era
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Impact of depression on HIV outcomes in the HAART era
Impact of depression on HIV outcomes in the HAART era
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Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly decreased the morbidity and mortality of persons infected with HIV. The extent of the benefits, however, is not uniform, and certain factors including ethnicity, gender, baseline HIV viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte count, adherence and intravenous drug abuse are associated with different immunological, virological and clinical outcomes. Mental health illness (MHI) and specifically depression may be associated with worse outcomes, although studies exploring the impact of MHI on HIV outcomes in both the pre-HAART and post-HAART eras have shown mixed results. The objective of the current paper is to review the available literature on the impact of MHI on HIV outcomes in the HAART era.
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Other Articles:
| • | Expression profiles for six zebrafish genes during gonadal sex differentiation |
| Background: The mechanism of sex determination in zebrafish is largely unknown and neither sex chromosomes nor a sex-determining gene have been identified. This indicates that sex determination in zebrafish is mediated by genetic signals from autosomal genes. The aim of this study was to determine the precise timing of expression of six genes previously suggested to be associated with sex differentiation in zebrafish. The current study investigates the expression of all six genes in the same individual fish with extensive sampling dates during sex determination and -differentiation. Results: In the present study, we have used quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the expression of ar, sox9a, dmrt1, fig alpha, cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b during the expected sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation period. The expression of the genes expected to be high in males (ar, sox9a and dmrt1a) and high in females (fig alpha and cyp19a1a) was segregated in two groups with more than 10 times difference in expression levels. All of the investigated genes showed peaks in expression levels during the time of sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. Expression of all genes was investigated on cDNA from the same fish allowing comparison of the high and low expressers of genes that are expected to be highest expressed in either males or females. There were 78% high or low expressers of all three "male" genes (ar, sox9a and dmrt1) in the investigated period and 81% were high or low expressers of both "female" genes (fig alpha and cyp19a1a). When comparing all five genes with expected sex related expression 56% show expression expected for either male or female. Furthermore, the expression of all genes was investigated in different tissue of adult male and female zebrafish. Conclusion: In zebrafish, the first significant peak in gene expression during the investigated period (2-40 dph) was dmrt1 at 10 dph which indicates involvement of this gene in the early gonadal sex differentiation of males. | |
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| • | Crop Engineered To Grow In Poisonous Soil |
| Aluminum toxicity in acidic soils limits crop production in as much as half the world's arable land. Now, researchers have cloned a novel aluminum-tolerant gene in sorghum and expect to have genetically engineered aluminum-tolerant sorghum lines by next year. Sorghum is an important food crop in Africa, Central America and South Asia and is the world's fifth most important cereal crop. | |
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| • | Anesiva Commences Phase 2 Trial of Adlea(TM) in Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery |
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| • | Arthroscopy Instruments |
| A website dedicated to Arthroscopy Instruments. Get the latest articles, news and information updates on Arthroscopy Instruments from Arthroscopy Instruments. | |
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| • | MikeLite Stereo Microscope Lights |
| MikeLite manufactures high-intensity LED lights that are a replacement for fiberoptics. LEDs last 50,000 hours compared to 200 hours for a halogen light. Light produced is cold and ... | |
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Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - recent issues
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- Copyright © 2008 Microsoft. All rights reserved. These XML results may not be used, reproduced or transmitted in any manner or for any purpose other than rendering Live Search results within an RSS aggregator for your personal, non-commercial use. Any other use of these results requires express written permission from Microsoft Corporation. By accessing this web page or using these results in any manner whatsoever, you agree to be bound by the foregoing restrictions. - version: v1.5 build A